Despite ceasefires in July 2024 and June 2025, clashes continue between the Congolese Army (FARDC) and Rwandan-backed M23 rebels. Since January 2025, M23 has launched major offensives across the DRC’s North and South Kivu provinces, with the conflict evolving into cycles of territorial gains and counter-offensives. Key towns, including Goma and Bukavu, have been captured. The fighting has caused many deaths, mass displacement and prison breaks.

Despite multiple ceasefire agreements since June, implementation has been minimal and deadlines repeatedly missed. Large-scale fighting has eased, but sporadic clashes continue between M23 rebels, the FARDC and allied militias in North and South Kivu. M23’s first incursion into Shabunda territory on 16 November underscores the group’s ongoing expansion. The rebels remain entrenched, consolidating control and recruiting new fighters. More than 7,000 people were killed in the first month of renewed fighting, with thousands more displaced.

Humanitarian conditions are poor. Infrastructure is disrupted, food prices are high and access to essential services is limited. Some areas are contaminated with unexploded ordnance.

What to Expect:

Many shops and businesses have reopened in the city centres and food products were back on the shelves, albeit at double or even triple pre-occupation prices, and banking services have resumed operations. However, only some displaced residents have begun to slowly return to their homes as insecurity remains widespread and the population faces an uncertain future.